I believe this covers all the speed modifiers you'll see. There are a whole bunch of others that aren't ever used in a way that matters to the end user.
OS Only
"Maximum Ship Speed, Open Sea"
"Upwind Speed, Open Sea"
"Luffing Speed, Open Sea"
"Close-Hauled Speed, Open Sea"
"Beam Reach Speed, Open Sea"
"Broad Reach Speed, Open Sea"
"Running Speed, Open Sea"
Battle Only
"Bonus Ship Speed, Battle"
"Maximum Ship Speed, Battle"
"Upwind Speed, Battle"
"Luffing Speed, Battle"
"Close-Hauled Speed, Battle"
"Beam Reach Speed, Battle"
"Broad Reach Speed, Battle"
"Running Speed, Battle"
Both
"Close Haul Speed, All"
"Beam Reach Speed, All"
"Running Speed, All"