Much of that information is, sadly, completely lost to history. However, we do know that many -- perhaps even most -- early American shipwrights were either born and learned their craft in England, or the scions of those who did. So any study of English shipwrightry of the period, in combination with American pictorial sources, is potentially fruitful.
That said, I'd recommend finding two books at your local library: Howard Chapelle's book on early American ships, and K. H. Marquart's book The Global Schooner. While IMHO they both have their scholarship issues, they provide a good place to start, including some early pictorial evidence. I believe more detailed info on both these books is in the sticky.